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BREAST CANCER SERIES 2: Cancer Enigma

  BREAST CANCER SERIES 2: Cancer Enigma Human cells normally grow and multiply to form new cells as the body needs them. This process is called cell division. When cells grow old and worn-out, they die, making way for these new cells. This process is directed by genetic materials called DNA. Changes to DNA, specifically, changes to the section of the DNA called genes can cause cancers. Proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and DNA repair genes are the three main gene types that are affected by these genetic changes which lead to cancers. Cancer is a large group of diseases that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, go beyond their usual boundaries to invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs. – World Health Organisation Proto-oncogenes  are normal genes in the cell. They are responsible for cell division and preventing cells from dying, that is to say, they help keep the cells alive. These processes are ver
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BREAST CANCER SERIES

  BREAST CANCER SERIES 1: Knowing The Breasts The breasts are secondary sex characteristics of females but are also present in rudimentary form in males. The female breasts begin to develop during puberty due to the production of the hormone estrogen and growth hormones.  The breast is a modified  sweat gland. The breast consist of  mammary gland , which is made up of a number of ducts and secretory lobules. Each  lobule  is made of tiny, hollow sacs called  alveoli , which drain into a single  lactiferous duct  (milk duct). The milk  duct serves as the passageway of the milk from the lobules to the tiny holes in the  nipple . The dark area of skin surrounding  the nipple is known as the  areola . Newborns do not see quite well so the areola which becomes darker after birth helps them find their source of food. This illustration shows major parts of the human female breasts. The mammary  glands  are lined by cells known as  myoepithelial cells  which have the ability to contract to rel

THE FATAL FACE MASK FIASCO , FINAL PART

  “What?! “ I screamed. “Yes. The world already had a plastics problem. When the pandemic hit, corporations went into mass production of  facemasks. They used more plastics in manufacturing instead of other biodegradable options. Human attitude was the last straw. Used facemasks were disposed off anywhere, into gutters, bushes, the streets, the ocean and other water bodies. People just threw face masks anywhere and anyhow. Three years into the pandemic 90% of the ocean life died as a result of the surge in face masks pollution. The governments of the world were frustrated and came up with a desperate plan, to collect all the plastic wastes together and dump them onto the sun so that they will all be incinerated instantly, far away from us to prevent any harmful effects. Unfortunately, most humans including fetuses already had micro plastics in their bloodstream, as well as the chemicals used to process plastics such as BPA and Phthalates.  It turned out that dumping plastics onto

THE FATAL FACE MASK FIASCO , PART 2

  The darkness began to clear after what felt like eons. I   opened   my eyes slowly but shut them quickly. I was in a   brightly illuminated chamber filled with surgical theatre equipments most of which I recognized but had bizarre designs and the light felt like a thousand needles poking my eyes. Every cell in my body was hurting as if I had been thrown into a meat grinder, chopped into pieces and put back together again. I brushed my hand across my face to make sure everything was intact, I still had my face mask on. Other than the excruciating pain and my strange surroundings everything was intact. If I did not know any better I would have thought I was in heaven. Mr. Chopel’s aim was to kill me, but this did not look like the afterlife. I jumped off the bed and started exploring the room. The bed itself also served as a CT scan. I could see my bones and other internal organs displayed on a screen directly ahead when I lay on it, but the date and time displayed were completely wr

THE FATAL FACE MASK FIASCO

  “The solution to pollution is dilution.”- A surgeon’s mantra . My name is Dr. Sampson Galena. You have probably heard of me. I’ve become quite popular these days. Some say I am crazy. Others are more polite and call me controversial but that is exactly what they said about  Einstein, Picasso, Jobs, and many other revolutionary thinkers. I have dyslexia and all these people were allegedly dyslexic too so I think I am in good company. Reading is considered a basic human right. Unfortunately people with dyslexia have difficulty reading, their brains have problems with manipulating words and language, but creativity and problem solving are their super powers. Hence I used my superpowers to overcome my reading difficulty, how I managed that, is a story for another time. Let’s focus on today’s story. All the misfortunes that befell me that day were caused by covid-19 and face masks. The day happened to be one of the rare days in my life. I was off duty. I woke up at 7am to make preparation

Understanding HIV/AIDS- Part 2

  Understanding HIV/AIDS- Part 2 Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS The symptoms of HIV/AIDS depends on the individual and the stage of the disease. The following are the stages of HIV infection as well as the signs and symptoms. Stage 1: Acute At this stage, the virus may not be detected and the number of CD4 cells in a milliliter of blood is around 800, so most people may be asymptomatic, that is, they may not experience any signs and symptoms. If you experience any of the signs and symptoms, it does not necessarily mean that you have been infected with HIV, this is because other diseases may present with similar symptoms. However, if you think you may have been exposed to the virus, get an HIV test done. Within a month of HIV infection, some people experience flu-like symptoms including; Fever, Chills, Rash, Night sweats, Muscle aches, Sore throat, Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes, and Mouth ulcers. Stage 2: Chronic At this stage, the viral load increases and t

The Case Of The Christmas Catheter

  “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.” – Edmund Burke. My name is Dr Sampson Galena. I am not like any of the doctors you have met.No, I’m not your regular doctor. The regular ones  are law abiding, docile, calm ,pacifists, and adjust to situations instead of making their voice heard and making changes for the better. I do not have such weaknesses.Many at times this lands me in serious trouble but I always wriggle my way out, one way or the other , until the case of the Christmas catheter . The day was Friday, the 25th. The month December and the year, the worst year in all the history of mankind, the coronavirus year. I was on duty that blessed but accursed day, at the war zone, the emergency.  Being  on duty at the ER on a Christmas Day was as hectic as it was prejudiced. Also the duty commenced as early as 6am in the morning till 8pm in the evening and it was usually meted out as a camouflaged  torture. I arrived at the emergency at  6am